O niskom fertilitetu iz ugla ekonomske aktivnosti ženskog stanovništva: Mogućnosti i ograničenja u podsticanju rađanja
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Pad nivoa fertiliteta odvijao se paralelno sa promenama socio-profesionalne strukture ženskog stanovništva, porastom učešća na tržištu rada i zapošljavanjem. Otuda je ekonomska aktivnost prepoznata kao jedan od ograničavjućih faktora u odlučivanju o rađanju. Međutim, u pojedinim evropskim državama koje su postigle najviše vrednosti stope fertiliteta beleže se i visoke stope ekonomske aktivnosti žena, kao i visoka zaposlenost onih koje imaju malu decu. Politike ovih država impliciraju i unapređenje društvenog položaja žena i podršku porodici kao jednako važne segmente podsticanja rađanja. Niz istraživanja potvrđuje pozitivan uticaj ekonomske aktivnosti i zaposlenosti žena na fertilitet, ukoliko su ispunjeni određeni preduslovi. Oni impliciraju mogućnosti i oblike zapošljavanja žena i institucionalne podrške roditeljstvu, ali i rodnu ravnopravnost unutar porodice.
U Srbiji je fertilitet za oko 30% niži u odnosu na evropske države koje imaju najviše stope rađanja. Empirijska istraživanja na kraju 20. veka pokazuju visoko vrednovanje porodice i posla, kao i zastupljenost konfliktnog odnosa na ovoj relaciji. Karakteristke ekonomske aktivnosti žena predstavljaju relevantan okvir reproduktivnog ponašanja, a iskustva država koja potvrđuju pozitivnu vezu između zaposlenosti žena i visine fertiliteta su primeri koje treba slediti u cilju podsticanja rađanja. Pored toga, specifičnost Srbije jeste visoka opšta nezaposlenost kao socijalna okolnost sa negativnim implikacijama u pogledu formiranja porodice i odlučivanja o rađanju.
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Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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