Prepreke usklađivanju rada i porodice u Bosni i Hercegovini: Rodne implikacije
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Apstrakt
Ovaj rad analizira iskustva zaposlenih majki u Bosni i Hercegovini kroz prizmu korišćenja roditeljskog odsustva, pristupa institucionalnoj podršci i suočavanja sa diskriminacijom u radnom kontekstu tokom i nakon trudnoće. Empirijsku osnovu rada čine podaci dobijeni putem onlajn ankete sprovedene među zaposlenim ženama različitog starosnog, obrazovnog i socio-ekonomskog porekla.
Rezultati ukazuju na postojanje višeslojnih prepreka u ostvarivanju prava na roditeljsko odsustvo, kao i izražene razlike u tretmanu žena u zavisnosti od entitetske i kantonalne pripadnosti. Dok je većina žena koristila porodiljsko ili roditeljsko odsustvo, svega 4% je to pravo delilo sa partnerom. Pravo očeva na odsustvo, iako pravno dostupno u određenoj meri, u praksi se retko koristi zbog institucionalnih, kulturnih i radno-pravnih prepreka.
Posebno je zabrinjavajući nalaz da je 52% žena iskusilo ili bilo svedok diskriminatornog postupanja poslodavaca zbog trudnoće ili povratka sa porodiljskog odsustva, odnosno odsustva radi nege deteta. Diskriminatorne prakse uključuju nepružanje podrške, pritiske da se zaposlene ranije vrate na posao, uskraćivanje karijernog napredovanja i nepravilnosti u isplati nadoknada. Analiza pokazuje da zaposlene majke iz našeg uzorka ovakva iskustva retko formalno prijavljuju zbog straha od odmazde i zbog nepoverenja u institucije. Pritom, iskustva ispitanica osvetljavaju i emocionalne posledice diskriminacije, uključujući osećaj izolacije, gubitka profesionalnog dostojanstva i trajne nesigurnosti, koje često ostaju izvan fokusa javnih politika.
Jedan od ključnih nalaza rada jeste i ukazivanje na neujednačenost pravnog okvira unutar Bosne i Hercegovine, konkretno između Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srpske, a delom i Brčko distrikta, što dovodi do sistemske diskriminacije u pristupu naknadama tokom roditeljskog odsustva. Data fragmentacija pravne zaštite, uz neadekvatnu institucionalnu podršku, dodatno pogoršava ekonomski položaj žena, posebno u kontekstu životnih troškova i kreditnih zaduženja. Uprkos formalnoj dostupnosti određenih prava, njihova implementacija ostaje selektivna i često zavisi od mesta stanovanja, poslodavčeve volje i individualne spremnosti žena da se bore za sopstvena prava.
Zaključno, rad ukazuje na potrebu za reformom postojećeg sistema roditeljskih prava, harmonizaciju pravnih propisa na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine, te na afirmaciju rodno ravnopravnog pristupa u politici rada i socijalne zaštite. Konkretno, podrška za uvođenje neprenosivog dela roditeljskog odsustva za očeve, koje bi bilo garantovano zakonom, ističe se kao važan mehanizam za podsticanje rodne ravnopravnosti i redistribuciju odgovornosti u nezi dece. Dati empirijski nalazi predstavljaju doprinos raspravama o rodnoj ravnopravnosti i institucionalnoj odgovornosti u kontekstu Bosne i Hercegovine.
Preuzimanja
Detalji članka
Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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