Bezbednost i zdravlje na radu za radnike u nestabilnim industrijama: međunarodni i pravni okvir Evropske unije
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Apstrakt
Članak istražuje regulativu bezbednosti i zdravlja na radu u visokorizičnim, nestabilnim industrijama poput građevinarstva, rudarstva i poljoprivrede, kroz prizmu međunarodnih okvira i direktiva Evropske unije. Ovi sektori, zbog svoje inherentne nestabilnosti i visokog rizika od povreda ili smrtnih ishoda, zahtevaju snažne pravne mehanizme i proaktivne bezbednosne protokole. Autori sprovode uporednu pravnu analizu primenom metoda kao što su pravno predviđanje, uporedno pravo i formalno-dogmatska metodologija, s ciljem da ispitaju na koji način međunarodni radni standardi mogu da informišu nacionalno zakonodavstvo, posebno u zemljama u razvoju i
tranziciji. Značajan deo studije posvećen je evaluaciji uloge međunarodnih organizacija, naročito Međunarodne organizacije rada (MOR) i Evropske unije. Ključne konvencije MOR-a, poput Konvencije br. 155 i Konvencije br. 187, čine osnovu globalnih principa bezbednosti na radu. Studija takođe ističe široku primenu standarda ISO 45001:2018 i značaj evropskih direktiva, uključujući 89/391/ EEZ, 92/57/EEZ i 92/104/EEZ, u postavljanju minimalnih bezbednosnih standarda. Korišćenjem primera specifičnih za pojedine zemlje – Nemačku, Francusku, Švedsku, Poljsku i Indiju – članak prikazuje kako se ove direktive prilagođavaju nacionalnim kontekstima. Autori zastupaju stav da se regulatorni model EU – zasnovan na obavezujućim direktivama i standardizovanim minimalnim zahtevima – pokazao naročito efikasnim u smanjenju profesionalnih rizika. S druge strane, pristup MOR-a, koji se oslanja na fleksibilnost i savetodavni karakter, omogućava prilagođavanje u zemljama sa nižim prihodima, ali može oskudevati u pogledu pravne obavezujuće snage. Članak se takođe bavi novonastalim izazovima, kao što su digitalni rizici i potreba za integracijom sajber bezbednosti u okvire zaštite zdravlja na radu. Predlažu se tehnološka rešenja po
put sistema za nadzor u realnom vremenu i automatizacije, uz programe obuke za unapređenje spremnosti radnika u nestabilnim sektorima. Diskusija obuhvata i strukturna pitanja koja utiču na bezbednost, uključujući privremeno zapošljavanje, finansijsku nestabilnost i ograničen pristup
naprednim zaštitnim tehnologijama. Autori predlažu mere kao što su državne subvencije, međunarodna saradnja i razvoj digitalnih platformi koje bi olakšale usklađenost sa regulativom i razmenu najboljih praksi. Zaključno, članak
tvrdi da efikasna regulacija bezbednosti i zdravlja na radu zahteva dinamične i adaptivne standarde, utemeljene kako u pravu EU, tako i u međunarodnim okvirima. Harmonizacija najboljih praksi i njihovo prilagođavanje lokalnim uslovima predstavlja ključ za unapređenje bezbednosti radnog okruženja, smanjenje ekonomskih gubitaka usled nesreća na radu i očuvanje dostojanstva i prava radnika na globalnom nivou.
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Detalji članka
Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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