Izazovi ranog materinstva: teškoće sa dojenjem i životno zadovoljstvo
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Aktuelna doktrina o dojenju kao jedino ispravnom načinu ishrane beba (npr. preporuke Svetske zdravstvene organizacije) u skladu je sa trendom naučnih istraživanja u ovom domenu. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima uglavnom su ispiti-vane koristi od dojenja, pre svega za bebu (infekcije, gojaznost i inteligencija u odraslom dobu, itd.) i majku (najčešće zdravstvene, ređe psihološke). Iako se mnoge majke suočavaju sa teškoćama dojenja, samo nekoliko istraživanja razmatra problem mogućih „troškova“ dojenja. Uglavnom se pokazuje da dojenje ima pozitivne efekte na mentalni status majke, ali se gotovo uopšte ne posmatra samo dojenje kao mogući faktor negativnih emocija ili nižeg subjektivno percipiranog životnog zadovoljstva majke. Majke koje doje se tretiraju mahom kao homogena grupa, eventualne razlike među njima se mere u intenzitetu dojenja, a ne u teškoćama sa kojima se suočavaju. Osim nekoliko kvalitativnih istraživanja, većina studija o teškoćama dojenja usmerena je na uspešnost procesa dojenja kao konačni cilj, zanemarujući razlike među majkama i druge aspekte njihovog života.
Od 19.01.2015. do 18.04.2015. sprovedena je online anketa u Srbiji na koju je odgovorilo 1.980 majki. Upitnik se sastojao od 74 pitanja usmerenih na zadovoljstvo u raznim sferama života: odnos sa drugom decom, odnos sa partnerom, društveni život, karijera, slobodno vreme, identitet, percepcija sopstvenog tela. Učesnice istraživanja su regrutovane uz pomoć novina, foruma, blogova i veb stranica posvećenih roditeljima, deci i roditeljstvu.
Majke su podeljene u četiri grupe na osnovu njihovog iskustva sa dojenjem: majke koje doje sa zadovoljstvom (grupa 1), majke koje doje uprkos tome što im je to teško (grupa 2), majke koje ne doje jer im je bilo teško (grupa 3) i majke koje ne doje jer je to bio njihov izbor (grupa 4). U grupi 1 je identifikovano 1.238 žena (53,2%), u grupi 2 je identifikovano 546 žena (23,4%), u grupi 3 je identifikovano 147 žena (6,3%), u grupi 4 ukupno 49 žena (2,1%). Grupa 2 je imala niži rezultat od grupe 1 na 25 od 26 indikatora životnog zadovoljstva. Test je pokazao statistički značajnu razliku u srednjim vrednostima između grupe 1
(M = 6,87; SD = 1,10) i grupe 2 (M = 6,33; SD = 1,20). Grupa 3 je imala viši rezultat nego grupa 2 na 19 od 26 indikatora.
Zaključak je da postoje izrazito konzistentne razlike u zadovoljstvu u mnogim oblastima života između žena koje doje sa zadovoljstvom i onih koje to čine iz dužnosti. Majke koje doje uprkos teškoćama manje su srećne i pokazuju niži stepen osećanja da njihov život ima smisla. One su takođe doživele više negativnih emocija i osećale su krivicu zato što ne doje dovoljno. Uzrok tih razlika dobrim delom ostaje pod znakom pitanja. Postoji mogućnost da su majke koje imaju teškoća u dojenju kao grupa manje zadovoljne životom, nevezano za njihovo iskustvo dojenja. Međutim, nalaz da su majke iz grupe 3 nešto zadovoljnije životom nego majke iz grupe 2 ukazuje da sam čin dojenja, uprkos teškoćama, najverovatnije igra neku ulogu u njihovom relativnom nezadovoljstvu.
Buduća istraživanja bi svakako trebalo da vode računa o razlici između žena koje doje sa zadovoljstvom i onih koje to rade iz dužnosti i uprkos teškoćama. Takođe, ovaj istraživački nalaz o razlikama između žena na osnovu različitog iskustva sa dojenjem ima poseban značaj u kontekstu rastućeg društvenog pritiska na sve žene da doje.
Preuzimanja
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Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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