Nacionalni transferni računi i implikacije za politike u socijalnom sektoru u Republici Srbiji
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Nacionalni transferni računi (NTR) koji omogućavaju sagledavanje ekonomskih tokova između različitih starosnih grupa, prvi put su izrađeni za Srbiju na podacima iz 2018. godine od strane Republičkog zavoda za statistiku. Koristeći NTA metodologiju, koja integriše podatke iz anketa i administrativnih izvora kako bi se sagledali ekonomski tokovi među starosnim grupama, studija ističe ključne implikacije za politiku socijalnog sektora. Analiza koristi komparativni pristup, upoređujući nalaze za Srbiju sa rezultatima EU25 zemalja na osnovu podataka iz AGENTA baze za 2010. godinu. Ovaj rad iznosi sveobuhvatne rezultate i analizu osnovnih NTR nalaza, uz ukazivanje na implikacije za politike u socijalnom sektoru. Analiza računa životnog ciklusa pokazuje da u Srbiji prihod od rada značajnije raste relativno kasno u toku životnog ciklusa, a počinje da se smanjuje rano. Starosni profil javne i privatne potrošnje ne pokazuje komplementarnost niti podržava ujednačavanje potrošnje tokom životnog ciklusa. Potrošnja na predškolsko obrazovanje dece i zdravstvenu zaštitu starih nije „socijalizovana“ u istoj meri kao u zemljama EU. U poređenju sa EU25, starosni profil privatne potrošnje na obrazovanje u Srbiji pokazuje značajan porast tokom predškolskog i univerzitetskog perioda životnog ciklusa. Među najstarijima, javna potrošnja opada zbog nedovoljne podrške u oblasti zdravstvene zaštite. Period životnog ciklusa bez deficita, kada su prihodi od rada veći od potrošnje, traje samo 31 godinu. Iz deficita životnog ciklusa se izlazi kasno, tek u 27-oj godini, a rano se ponovo ulazi, već u 58-oj. Srednje generacije nose teret deficita, na koji pored trajanja utiče i njegova visina. Agregatni deficit životnog ciklusa u Srbiji, u odnosu ukupne prihode od rada, iznosi 58,5% — sedam procentnih poena više od proseka EU25. Analiza transfernog računa pokazuje da su neto javni transferi u Srbiji pozitivni za decu i mlade (0-20) i za osobe starije od 60 godina. Agregatni javni prilivi za starije sa deficitom životnog ciklusa (58+) su 2,6 puta veći nego za one sa deficitom u mlađim godinama (0-26). Slično kao u zemljama EU, privatni transferi, među kojima dominiraju oni unutar domaćinstva, prvenstveno su usmereni ka deci i mladima. Agregatni neto privatni transferi za decu i mlade (0-26) su tri puta veći nego za starije osobe sa deficitom životnog ciklusa (58+). Starosni profil odliva javnih transfera potvrđuje da najveći finansijski teret u Srbiji snose generacije srednjih godina. Račun preraspodele na osnovu imovine pokazuje da su u Srbiji neto prihodi od javne imovine negativni zbog kamata na javni dug, što dovodi do negativnih preraspodela na osnovu javne imovine. Preraspodele na osnovu privatne imovine su pozitivne zahvaljujući prihodima od privatne imovine. Privatna štednja je negativna tokom većeg dela životnog ciklusa srednjih generacija, a njeni iznosi su relativno mali. Finansiranje deficita životnog ciklusa dece i mladih u Srbiji se prvenstveno obezbeđuje kroz privatne porodične transfere, dok se deficit u starijem dobu pokriva javnim transferima i u manjoj meri štednjom. Analiza agregatnih transfera pokazuje da su u Srbiji transferi za decu i mlade u starosnim grupama sa deficitom potrošnje (0-26) svega 5% niži od onih za starije osobe (58+). Razlika između prihoda od rada i potrošnje u starijem dobu je samo u manjoj meri finansirana kroz štednju. Ključne preporuke za socijalni sektor na osnovu nalaza NTR-a uključuju intervencije u oblasti predškolskog obrazovanja, dugotrajne nege starih i u okviru penzijskog sistema.
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Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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