Srećno starenje? Socijalna davanja, starost i subjektivno blagostanje u Evropi
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Povezanost između starosti i subjektivnog blagostanja ispitivana je na različitim uzorcima i vremenskim okvirima posmatranja, najčešće ukazujući na pad subjektivnog blagostanja sa starošću ili na povezanost u obliku slova U. Iako su različite kontekstualne varijable ispitivane kao moderatori ove povezanosti, moderirajući efekat socijalnih davanja do sada nije istražen. Kako su socijalna davanja potencijalno korisna za blagostanje i kako su davanja u Evropi prvenstveno orijentisana ka starijim, hipotetisali smo da u zemljama sa većim socijalnim davanjima postoji pozitivniji efekat starosti na subjektivno blagostanje. Koristili smo kros-sekcionalno hijerarhijsko linearno modelovanje i podatke iz devetog talasa Evropskog društvenog istraživanja, iz 2018. i dvadeset devet zemalja.
Rezultati su ukazali, prvo, da je starost generalno negativno, dok je kvadrat starosti pozitivno povezan sa subjektivnim blagostanjem, što ukazuje na povezanost između starosti i blagostanja u obliku U. Objašnjenja ovakvog nalaza se kriju u rastućim poslovnim i porodičnim (istovremeno brinući se i za roditelje i za decu) obavezama u srednjem dobu, kao i neostvarenim aspiracijama tokom tog doba, a koje se napuštaju u starosti.
Drugo, podaci su ukazali da je nivo socijalnih davanja na agregatnom nivou značajna pozitivna determinanta blagostanja na individualnom nivou. Naime, kako je intervencija vlade u ekonomiju potencijalno povezana sa nižim nivoima siromaštva, nejednakosti i nezaposlenosti, posledično se nižu pozitivni efekti i na rast efikasnosti, samopouzdanja, pad depresije i drugih štetnih psihičkih stanja, poboljšanje fizičkog zdravlja, pa i pad alkoholizma, porodičnog nasilja, stope razvoda itd. – a koji su svi od potencijalno velikog značaja za individualno blagostanje.
Konačno, rezultati su ukazali da su socijalna davanja značajan pozitivan moderator povezanosti između starosti i subjektivnog blagostanja: sa povećanjem nivoa socijalnih davanja starenje je pozitivnije povezano sa blagostanjem. Time se potvrdila naša hipoteza. Objašnjenje za ovaj nalaz se može naći u strukturi socijalnih davanja, koja je, kako je istaknuto, dominantno orijentisana širom Evrope ka starijoj populaciji.
Uzimajući u obzir nalaze o pozitivnom efektu socijalnih davanja na blagostanje i U-oblik povezanosti između starosti i blagostanja, naši rezultati pozivaju na rast sociajlnih davanja ka sredovečnoj populaciji u Evropi. Pored toga, rezultati pozivaju na generalno povećanje socijalnih davanja bez obzira na starosnu kategoriju korisnika, a posebno u zemljama sa najnižim nivoom davanja od ovde ispitivanih, kao što su Srbija, Crna Gora i Bugarska.
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Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo-Nekomercijalno 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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