Bioetička i društvena konstrukcija produženja života i dugovečnosti
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Apstrakt
Perspektiva životnog toka i bioetika dele neke od vitalnih tema koje su predmet različitih nauka i disciplina. Neke od njih su vitalna pitanja iz oblasti biologije, demografije, antropologije, sociologije i drugih društvenih nauka. U oba slučaja, jedno od najvažnijih pitanja je dugovečnost i s njom povezane društvene funkcije i uloge pojedinaca i grupa. U ovom radu smo pristupili ovim temama iz ugla bioetičke metodologije, odnosno koristili smo Poterovu kategorizaciju tipova preživljavanja i suprotnih stavova u debatama o produženju života. Ova etička i ideološka suprotnost posebno dolazi do izražaja kada se radi o poboljšanju ljudske vrste. Poboljšanje je definisano kao podizanje ljudskih kapaciteta i funkcionisanja izvan i iznad statističke norme ljudskog zdravlja. Iz bioetičkog ugla posmatranja, perspektiva životnog toka je dodatno komplikovana jer poboljšanje kvaliteta života gotovo nesumnjivo dovodi do njegovog produženja, a samim tim postaje prihvaćeno kao jedna od najviših društvenih vrednosti. Međutim, ovakvo bezuslovno prihvatanje akcija srednjoročno i dugoročno vode u menjanje ne samo ljudske vrste nego i u etički upitne promene društvenih uloga i odnosa. Polazeći od relevantne metodologije, društveni aspekti poboljšanja u okviru životne perspektive mogu se posmatrati kroz društvene brige i pitanja, kao što su: da li će usled društvenog prihvatanja novih tehnologija poboljšanja doći do produženja životnog veka genetskom intervencijom, dostupnom svima (idealistički opstanak), ili će opravdanje pojedinačnih slučajeva dovesti do scenarija neodgovornog opstanka jedne i mizernog opstanka drugih društvenih grupa? Da li bi neželjeni efekti upotrebe biotehnologije za produženje života mogli da dovedu ljudsku vrstu u opasnost od izumiranja? Usled dramatičnog produženja životnog veka i neodgovorne primene biotehnologija, prenaseljenost bi mogla (objektivno ili subjektivno iz perspektive „poboljšanih”) da postane tolika da biološki i moralno superiorne (moćne) grupe pristupaju upotrebi istih sredstava (farmaceutskih i biomedicinskih) za selektivno eliminisanje niže vrste, odnosno svih onih koji su stari, hronično bolesni i društveno slabi i ranjivi. Zatim su tu pitanja koja pored društvenih imaju i biološku pozadinu, poput onih: u kom životnom dobu će se primenjivati tehnologija za produženje života; da li će proces starenja svih organa biti ujednačen i koliko životni vek treba da traje? Da li se radi o produženju maksimalnog ili prosečnog životnog veka? Sva ova bioetička pitanja i brige se odražavaju u perspektivi životnog toka, menjajući društvene uloge i funkcije potencijalno podmlađenih grupa. Međutim, ukoliko sva ova pitanja sažmemo u osnovnu društvenu i bioetičku zabrinutost, ona bi mogla da se izrazi kroz pitanja: od kog životnog veka počinjemo da produžavamo ljudski život i kome? Da li produžavanje života vodi ponovnom uspostavljanju naših društvenih uloga iz mladosti ili je to samo romantična slika našeg prethodnog života? Ova studija zaključuje da se paternalistički vođeni pristupi produženju života ili, u suprotnom slučaju, izbegavanju moderne medicine u otklanjanju bolesti koje se javljaju sa starenjem susreću sa sličnim epistemološkim i društvenim redukcijama u oblasti perspektive životnog toka.
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Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo-Nekomercijalno 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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