Položaj imigranata na tržištu rada u Srbiji: trenutni status i mogućnosti za istraživanje
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Polazeći od teorijskih znanja u oblasti migracija i tržišta rada i postojećih analiza podataka o migrantima na bazi Ankete o radnoj snazi (ARS) Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (RZS), u radu se istražuju najvažnije karakteristike imigranata na tržištu rada u Srbiji. Cilj je da se ukaže na mogućnosti ARS-a za proučavanje imigracije i položaja imigranata na tržištu rada u zemljama sa izraženom emigracijom i niskim prilivom strane radne snage, na primeru Srbije. Korišćeni su dodatno obrađeni podaci ARS-a za 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017. i 2018, i sekundarni statistički izvori podataka, pri čemu je prilikom obrade obeleženo ukoliko pojava nema ili je njihov broj suviše mali za analizu. Kriterijum za izdvajanje imigranata, uz uslov da žive duže od godinu dana u uzorkovanom domaćinstvu, bio je država rođenja, a ne državljanstvo, jer su imigranti u Srbiji uglavnom doseljeni iz bivših jugoslovenskih republika, naročito počev od 1990-ih.
Sprovođenjem kvalitativnog istraživanja putem popunjavanja upitnika u najmanje dva kruga, ali i intervjua, prikupljena su mišljenja grupe eksperata različitih profesija i užih specijalnosti, zaposlenih u RZS, na temu uzorka, obuhvata i mogućnosti korišćenja ARS-a za proučavanje položaja imigrantske populacije na tržištu rada u Srbiji. Eksperti su konsultovani i o mogućnostima unapređenja ARS za proučavanje međunarodne migracije. Ovo istraživanje je, prema saznanjima autora, prvi pokušaj analize položaja imigranata na tržištu rada u Srbiji zasnovan na ARS, kao i diskusije o mogućnostima ARS-a za istraživanje emigracije/imigracije.
S obzirom na starosnu strukturu, imigranti ne utiču značajnije na ublažavanje posledica starenja stanovništva Srbije po tržište rada. Nalazi ukazuju da rođeni u inostranstvu nemaju veću stopu nezaposlenosti u poređenju sa stanovništvom rođenim u zemlji, što se može pripisati specifičnosti porekla i dužini boravka u Srbiji najvećeg dela ove populacije. Ipak, uočava se njihov nepovoljan položaj na tržištu rada, na šta ukazuje sporije smanjivanje stope nezaposlenosti, te lošija struktura zaposlenih, kao i nezaposlenih u pogledu dugog odsustva sa tržišta rada. Određene kategorije imigranata, kao što su stariji muškarci, izdvajaju se kao posebno ranjive.
Na osnovu analize podataka ARS, pregleda postojećih empirijskih istraživanja, kao i nalaza dobijenih od stručnjaka iz Srbije za potrebe ovog rada, diskutovana su ograničenja i potvrđeni potencijali ARS za proučavanje položaja imigranata na tržištu rada u Srbiji. Takođe, istaknuta je potreba za metodološkim unapređenjem Ankete, naročito u smislu boljeg obuhvata imigrantske populacije. S obzirom na brojne izazove koje donose savremene međunarodne migracije, bilo u smislu obima, raznolikosti i uzroka migracija, kao i mogućnosti integracije, postoji ogromna potreba za pronalaženjem inovativnog pristupa koji će omogućiti unapređenje i bolju iskorišćenost postojećih i stvaranje novih baza podataka. U tom smislu, Anketa o radnoj snazi ima važnu ulogu.
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Centar za demografska istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka
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