Value of people - human capital in Serbia through the prism of educational attainment of young population
Main Article Content
Abstract
ent of human capital in Serbia. This analysis is based on a set of indicators that represent the achieved educational attainment with special focus on the young population. It is conducted for the territory of Serbia, on municipal level, which enabled the categorization of municipalities according to educational attainment. Most municipalities in Serbia are characterized by insufficient educational attainment in the local context, or in general. For the purpose of the regional disparities identification, the coefficient of human capital utilization was created, in order to identify the mismatch between education attainment and labor market demand. The research shows that it is crucial to change the general perception of demographic problems and challenges, which will allow the development of applicable and more realistic public policies in the future.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Published by the Institute of Social Sciences - Center for Demographic Research
References
Andrejević Panić, A., Ješić J., & Vukadinović, S. (2014). Povezivanje visokog obrazovanja i tržišta rada uz primenu inovacionog modela trostrukog heliksa. Poslovna ekonomija, 8(1), 217-238.
Avramović, Z. (2005). Dva veka obrazovanja u Srbiji. Beograd: Institut za pedagoška istraživanja.
Barro, R. J., & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1995). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 2, 1–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w5151
Bartlett, W., & Arandarenko. M. (2012). The Labor Market, Skills and Growth in the Western Balkans: An Introduction. In M. Arandarenko and W. Bartlett (Eds.), Labor Market and Skills in Western Balkan (pp. 3-5). Belgrade: FREN - Foundation for the Advancement of Economics. https://connecting-youth.org/publications/publikim38.pdf
Bartlett, W., Johansen, J., & Gateli, D. (2012). Skills Gaps and Mismatches in the Western Balkans: A Comparative Analysis. In M. Arandarenko & W. Bartlett (Eds.), Labor Market and Skills in Western Balkan (pp. 19-35). Belgrade: FREN - Foundation for the Advancement of Economics. https://connecting-youth.org/publications/publikim38.pdf
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago – Department of Economics.
Bella, N., & Belkachla, S. (2010). Impact of demographic trends on the achievement of the Millenium Development Goal of Universal Primary Education. Paris: UNESCO
Bobić, M., Vesković Anđelković, M., & Kokotović Kanazir, V. (2016). Study on external and internal migration of Serbia´s Citizens with particular focus on Youth. Belgrade: International organization for migration (IOM). https://serbia.iom.int/resources/study-external-and-internal-migration-serbias-citizens-particular-focus-youth-0
Dae-Bong, K. (2009). Human Capital and its measurement. The 3rd OECD World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy Charting Progress, Building Visions, Improving Life, Busan, 27-30 October, 2009. https://www.oecd.org/site/progresskorea/44109779.pdf
Đekić, I. (2015). Unapređenje ljudskog kapitala u Srbiji. Ekonomika, 61(3), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1503133D DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1503133D
Dondur, V. (2014). Zalog za budućnost. Glas. Beograd: Odeljenje društvenih nauka Srpske akademije nauka i umestnosti.
Đorđević, J., & Panić, M. (2007). Underdeveloped Areas - South Morava Region. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, 56, 39-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI0756131D
Drobnjaković, M., Panić, M., & Đorđević, J. (2015). Traditional undeveloped municipalities in Serbia as a result of regional inequality. European Planning Studies, 24(5), 926–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1129396 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1129396
Drobnjaković, M., Panić, M., & Kokotović Kanazir, V. (2023). Prostorni i strukturni dispariteti radne snage u Srbiji. Kritika, 4(1), 167-187. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7983791
Drobnjaković, M., Panić, M., Kanazir Kokotović, V., & Javor, V. (2022). Spatial aspects of labor force formation: the interrelation of cohort turnover and net migration in Serbia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 63, 543-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2022.2052136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2022.2052136
Đukić Dejanović, S., Bjelobrk, G., Jovanović, N., & Đorđević Lj. (2018). Migracije studenata. Beograd: Kabinet ministra bez portfelja zaduženog za demografiju i populacionu politiku.
Đurđev, B. (1999). Problemi regionalnog demografskog rasta Srbije. Glasnik Srpskog geografskog društva, 79 (2), 21-32.
European Parliament (2000). The Lisbon Strategy 2000–2010. An analysis and evaluation of the methods used and results achieved. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL-EMPL_ET(2010)440285
European Union (2010). Project Europe 2030 - Challenges and opportunities. A report to the European Council by the Reflection Group on the Future of the EU 2030. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30776/qc3210249enc.pdf.
Eurostat (2024). Population by educational attainment level, sex and age (%) – main indicators. Eurostat database. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EDAT_LFSE_03__custom_853513/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=773e39a3-bc1e-4a65-a24e-39e48f0bfb31
Galeković, S. (2011). Promjene u obrazovnoj strukturi ženskoga stanovništva u Republici Hrvatskoj od 1961. do 2006. godine. Kroatologija, 2(1), 42–58. https://hrcak.srce.hr/75493
Goujon, A. (2003). Education as a dimension in forecasting: Multi-state population projections by education and future Literate Life Expectancy ─ Methodology, applications, and results. Vienna: University of Vienna.
Jokić, V., Dželebdžić, O., & Petovar, K. (2015). Human Capital and its Spatial Distribution as Limiting Factors for Balanced Development of Serbia. Spatium 34, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1534046J DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1534046J
Karaman Aksentijević, N. (2012). Ljudski potencijali i ekonomski razvoj. Rijeka: Sveučilište u Rijeci, Ekonomski fakultet Rijeka.
Kc, S., Barakat, B., Goujon, A., Skirbekk, V., Sanderson W., & Lutz, W. (2010). Projection of populations by level of educational attainment, age and sex for 120 countries for 2005-2050. Demographic Research, 22, 383–472. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.15
Keeley, B. (2007). Human Capital How what you know shapes your life. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264029095-en
Kokotović Kanazir, V., Panić, M., & Drobnjaković, M. (2024). Spatial Distribution of Human Capital in Serbia: Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. In K. N. Zafeiris, B. Kotzamanis, & C. Skiadas, C. (eds.), Population Studies in the Western Balkans. European Studies of Population, vol 26 (pp. 179–210). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53088-3_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53088-3_8
Laskowska, I., & Dańska-Borsiak, B. (2016). The Importance Of Human Capital For The Economic Development Of EU Regions. Comparative Economic Research, 19(5), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0038
Liu, G. (2011). Measuring the stock of human capital for comparative analysis: an application of the lifetime income approach to selected countries. Paris: OECD Publishing (OECD Statistics Working Papers 41). http://ina.bnu.edu.cn/docs/20140604162202045374.pdf
Lutz, W., & Gailey, N. (2020). Depopulation as a Policy Challenge in the Context of Global Demographic Trends. UNFPA, UNDP.
Lutz, W., & Goujon, A. (2001). The World’s Changing Human Capital Stock: Multi-State Population Projections by Educational Attainment. Population and Development Review, 27(2), 323–339. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2695213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00323.x
Lutz, W., & KC, S. (2010). Dimensions of global population projections: what do we know about future population trends and structures? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365(1554), 2779–2791. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0133
Lutz, W., & Sanderson, W.C. (2001). Toward a Concept of “Population Balance” Considering Age-Structure, Human Capital, and Intergenerational Equity. IIASA Interim Report. Laxenburg: IIASA (IR-01-003). https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/6517/7/IR-01-003.pdf
Lutz, W., Amran, G., Bélanger, A., Conte, A., Gailey, N., Ghio, D., … Stonawski, M. (2019). Demographic Scenarios for the EU - Migration, Population and Education. Luxembourg: Publications Office. https://dx.doi.org/10.2760/590301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2760/590301
Lutz, W., Goujon, A., KC, S., & Sanderson, W. C. (2007). Reconstruction of populations by age, sex and level of educational attainment for 120 countries for 1970-2000. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 5, 193–235. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2007s193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2007s193
Lutz, W., Goujon, A., Kc, S., Stonawski, M., & Stilianakis, N. (2018). Demographic and Human Capital Scenarios for the 21st Century: 2018 assessment for 201 countries. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/41776
Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. C., & Scherbov, S. (2004). The End of World Population Growth in the 21st Century: New Challenges for Human Capital Formation and Sustainable Development. London – Sterling: Earthscan.
Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., & Scherbov, S. (2001). The end of world population growth. Nature, 412(6846), 543–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/35087589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35087589
Nikitović, V. (Ed.). (2015). The population of Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century. Belgrade: Statistic Office of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian).
Nikitović, V. (2018). Značaj političkog odgovora za demografsku budućnost Srbije. In V. Kostić, S. Đukić Dejanović & M. Rašević (Eds.), Ka boljoj demografskoj budućnosti Srbije (pp. 210-221). Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti.
OECD (1998). Human Capital Investment: An international Comparison. Paris: OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264162891-en
OECD (2001). Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life. OECD Insights. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2007). Education at a Glance. Paris: OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/39313286.pdf
OECD (2018). Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en
OECD (2020). OECD International Migration Database. OECD Stat. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIG.
Panić, M., Drobnjaković, M., Stojiljković, G., Kokotović Kanazir, V., & Doljak, D. (2022). Nighttime lights - innovative approach for identification of temporal and spatial changes in population distribution. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, 72(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2201051P DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2201051P
Pantelić, M., Stojanović, V., & Stojsavljević, R. (2014). Unemployment as a major issue in Vojvodina Province: A case study of Kikinda municipality. Geographica Timisiensis, 23(2), 51-61.
Pecelj, G. (1963). Nivo školskog obrazovanja stanovništva Jugoslavije. Stanovništvo 1(2), 186–223.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1996). Economics of Education: A Research Agenda. Economics of Education Review, 15(4), 339–344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(96)00025-8
Smith, A. (1937). The Wealth of Nations. Random House, Inc.
Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (1981). Educational attainment and literacy. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2021). Municipalities and Regions in the Republic of Serbia 2020. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2020/Pdf/G202013047.pdf
Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2023). 2022 Census of population, households and dwellings. Educational attainment, literacy and computer literacy – Data by municipalities and cities. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20234006.pdf
Speringer, M. (2012). Survival of the Fittest!? Multi-State Population Projections by Education for the EU and the European “Newbies” - Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey. Wien: Universität Wien.
Stojilković Gnjatović, J., & Devedžić, M. (2016). Certain characteristics of population ageing using a prospective approach: Serbia as a case study. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 14, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2016s089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2016s089
Strategy for youth in the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2023 to 2030 (2023, January 26). https://mto.gov.rs/extfile/sr/1829/EN%20Youth%20Strategy%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Serbia%20for%20the%20period%20from%202023%20to%202030.pdf.
Strategy for the development of education and upbringing in the Republic of Serbia until 2030 (2021, June 23). https://pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/eli/rep/sgrs/vlada/strategija/2021/63/1/reg (in Serbian).
Sundać, D., & Krmpotić, I. (2009). Vrijednosti ljudskog kapitala u Hrvatskoj – usporedba sa ostalim Evropskim zemljama. Ekonomski pregled, 60 (7-8), 315–331. https://hrcak.srce.hr/40480
Šantić, D., & Antić, M. (Eds.). (2019). Istraživanje stavova i namera stanovništva o preseljavanju i utvrđivanje uticaja migracija na demografsko starenje u četiri jedinice lokalne samouprave, s ciljem formulisanja preporuka za kreiranje mera populacione politike. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu – Geografski fakultet. http://www.mdpp.gov.rs/doc/Geografski-fakultet-ISTRAZIVANGE-MIGRACIJA-2019.pdf
Šobot, A. (2015). Educational characteristics of the population. In V. Nikitović (ed.), Population of Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century (pp. 168-191). Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian).
Šuković, D. (2013). Reforma penzionog sistema i problem starenja populacije. Stanovništvo, 51(1), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.2298/STNV1301091S DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/STNV1301091S
UNDP (2020). Human Development Report 2020. The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene. New York: United Nation Development Programme. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human- development-report-2020
Vukašinović, A. (2017). Utjecaj ljudskog kapitala na kvalitetu obrazovnog sustava (disertacija). Osijek: Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:145:82150
World Bank (2020a). The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19. Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34432
World Bank (2020b). The Utilisation-Adjusted Human Capital Index (UHCI). Policy Research Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9375