Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Goran Penev Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Author-Name: Biljana Stanković Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Childlessness among women of reproductive age in Serbia from a demographic perspective Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The social, economic, and cultural changes that have taken place in Europe in the past few decades in the field of fertility have been accompanied by an increase in permanent childlessness. The childlessness level among women born in 1968 is 12% in Serbia, slightly below the European average (14%). The aim of this paper is to explore in more detail the level of childlessness in Serbia and the characteristics of women aged 15-49 without live births. Changes in childlessness over a 60-year period (1961-2020) by five-year age groups were analysed. The basic characteristics of childless women of reproductive age by education, marital status, and age were observed from 1991 to 2011. The paper is based on census and vital statistics data. The authors introduce two new indicators of childlessness: the general childlessness rate (GChR) as the share of women without live births in the total female population aged 15-49, and the age-specific childlessness rate (ASChR) as the percentage of childless women by age. Changes in cumulative fertility rates by age were less influenced by the reproductive behaviour of mothers and much more by an increase in the proportion of childless women. The general childlessness rate until 1991 was relatively stable in Serbia. Since then, it has increased intensely (from 30.1% in 1991 to 41.6% in 2011, and 43.4% in 2020). The increase in childlessness is largely a consequence of the postponement of first births, but also of the increase in permanent childlessness among women aged 45-49. The postponement of first births has occured in all age groups and the ASChR has increased across the board. In Serbia, in 2020, the ASChR reached record values for all five-year age groups (36.5% for women aged 30-34, 21.4% for ages 35-39), as did the level of permanent childlessness (13.8% for ages 45-49). The paper also analyses childlessness by education and marital status. According to census data (1991, 2002, and 2011), the general childlessness rate is lowest among women without any formal education and those who haven’t completed primary school, and highest among women with a primary education. Childlessness rates are particularly high among women in their thirties and forties. The influence of marital status on the level of childlessness was also confirmed. The GChR of single women was at least 10 times higher than the value for ever married women. The GChR ranged from 96% to 89% for single women and invariably slightly above 8% for ever married women. The results of direct standardization showed the greater importance of the changes that occurred between 1991 and 2011 by education and marital status of women aged 15-49 on the childlessness level, as well as their completely opposite effects compared to those caused by the change in the age structure. The large impact of changes in marital structure also indicates the possibility of a certain influence on reducing childlessness in Serbia. As the decreasein marriage is not accompanied by a higher prevalence of stable extramarital unions, it’s possible that the creation of more favourable circumstances for an independent life for young people and for forming a union could contribute to reducing the postponement of childbearing, and thus reducing childlessness during and at the end of the reproductive age. This is especially important considering that family and children are highly valued in Serbia. It should be noted that the high and growing shares of women without children in the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups limit the possibilities of reducing permanent childlessness, particularly in the near future. Keywords: childlessness | fertility | postponement of first births | marital status | educational attainment Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 1-22 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV200902002P File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/418 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/418/376 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ankica Šobot Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Reproductive Decision-Making in a Macro-Micro Perspective Publication-Status: Published Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 155-159 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.59954/stnv.456 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/456 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/456/464 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Draško Drašković Author-Workplace-Name: UNDP Accelerator Labs, United Nations Development Programme, Belgrade (Serbia) Author-Name: Vladimir Nikitović Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: The winning solutions to the "Depopulation Data Challenge" Publication-Status: Published Abstract: No. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 145-151 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.59954/stnv.464 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/464 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/464/463 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dragana Pešić Jenaćković Author-Workplace-Name: College of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Suzana Marković Krstić Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia Title: Traditional family values as a determinant of the marital and reproductive behaviour of young people: the case of Southern and Eastern Serbia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This paper analyses the importance of the family of origin for the marital and reproductive behaviour of young people in Southern and Eastern Serbia. The data were gathered using quantitative techniques: surveys and scaling. The study was carried out in the region of Southern and Eastern Serbia across nine districts. The quota sample numbered 500 respondents, 15 to 34 years of age. The respondents were selected according to district criteria, type of settlement, age, and gender. Based on the selected sampling characteristics, the sample is virtually identical to the existing structure of the selected population.   The extent to which the family of origin followed traditional values proved to be a significant determinant of the marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. Young people from more traditional families tend to emulate their attitudes towards marriage and childbearing/parenthood. The results confirm the importance of including socio-cultural determinants in the study of the complex dynamics of the marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. Keywords: the young; marriage; cohabitation; marital and reproductive behaviour; traditional values in the family of origin Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 23-41 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV210420004P File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/437 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/437/448 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ankica Šobot Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Understanding the gender dimension of low fertility: employment and childbearing in Europe Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In this text, the gender dimension of low fertility is considered on the basis of the relevant literature and statistical data regarding the impact of employment on reproductive behaviour in postmodern societies. A review of fertility rates and employment rates of women with young children from 2010 onwards leads to several interesting observations. For example, during the period of study, the birth rate in Hungary increased, while it decreased in Finland by 0.4 children per woman. The most stable and relatively high fertility rates are observed in France and Sweden. At the same time, the employment rate of women with children aged three to five grew in Hungary, but the employment rate of those with children under the age of three was extremely low. In countries with higher fertility, the lowest employment rates for women with children under the age of three are in Finland and France, but they are about four times higher than the rate in Hungary. During the observed period, the employment of mothers remained stable at a relatively high level in Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, without differences in female employment according to the age of their children. The fertility rates in these countries are relatively high. The results of empirical research in European countries suggest that the gender dimension of low fertility cannot be understood outside the specific social context, nor without considering the conditions at the micro level. Central to this consideration is the link between low fertility and women's employment, as raising children is still gender-specific to an extent. However, men can participate in parenthood not only in terms of their reproductive behaviour, but also their right to participate in raising children. In addition, this text identifies negative perceptions of employment that refer to the modalities of work-life balance and the uncertainty regarding female and male employment. Both aspects produce certain effects on the socioeconomic position of the family, which can influence decisions relating to parenthood and the number of children the parents would like to have. In terms of taking action on low birth rates, it could be concluded that endangering families’ economic status and reproducing patriarchal gender regimes are not favourable outcomes. This article provides a framework for more concrete research into these issues in Serbian society. Keywords: low fertility; gender roles; women’s employment; fatherhood; uncertainty Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 43-63 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV200831005S File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/417 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/417/459 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branka Đ. Jablan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Author-Name: Marta Ž. Sjeničić Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Legal Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia Title: Sexuality and sexual health of the population with disabilities – with special reference to the population with visual impairment Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Sexuality represents one of the basic dimensions of human existence, which is channelled through sexual and gender identification and role, sexual orientation, eroticism, emotional commitment, satisfaction, and reproduction. Sexuality is also linked to many significant health problems, especially in the area of reproductive and sexual health. Sexual health is the condition of physical, emotional, mental, and social wellbeing that is linked with sexuality. Knowledge about sexual health, contraception and selection of contraceptives, and the risk of sexually transmittable diseases is not only relevant for individuals’ sexuality; it’s also important for encouraging the use of health services and other forms of support that are necessary to protect youth from sexually transmittable diseases and the maintenance of sexual and reproductive health. When it comes to sexuality and care of reproductive and sexual health, some groups are especially vulnerable. Bearing in mind the specific conditions women with disabilities grow up in and their dependence on assistance and support from other people, satisfying their needs for partnership, sexuality, and parenthood becomes unattainable for many, or it takes place under the control of professionals or family members. In this context, people with visual impairments are part of a vulnerable group, acknowledging that visual impairment leads to limitations in everyday life, autonomy, and quality of life to its full potential. The purpose of this article is to describe the phenomena of sexuality and sexual health among people with visual impairments, and to point out the existing international and national normative frameworks relevant to the sexual health of people with disabilities. Existing legislative acts acknowledge the right to a normal sexual life, as well as to the care and maintenance of the sexual health of people with disabilities. However, there are many obstacles and limitations that hamper the practical application of these rights: health issues, communication problems, lack of privacy, people’s acceptance of the inhibition of their own sexuality, or their acceptance of the labelling and normalisation of their situation. Even considering the existence of the regulation, the system of support for maintaining and improving the sexual and reproductive health of women with disabilities is not developed enough. The lack of literature relating to this topic shows that its importance is not recognised enough among the relevant actors, including organisations that advocate for people with disabilities. Realising the existing general legal framework requires the will of policymakers, who could enact and implement specific bylaw regulations, as well as activating the societal actors relevant to this field. Keywords: sexuality; sexual health; people with visual impairments; legal regulation; population with disabilities Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 65-82 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV200819001J File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/416 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/416/372 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivana Ostojić Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, Centre for Economic Research, Belgrade (Serbia) Author-Name: Predrag Petrović Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, Centre for Economic Research, Belgrade (Serbia) Author-Name: Goran Nikolić Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of European studies, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Net international migration: A panel analysis of economic determinants Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large migration flows over the past few years, which are a consequence of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can encourage international migration, people’s desire to increase their standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes. This empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries over a period of 30 years (1990‒2019). Although this study focuses on the analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin and destination country. This influence can be realised through different mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when selecting model estimation techniques. The estimation of the models was performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP), which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and (ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence of endogenous regressors. The obtained findings suggest that the impact of the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01‒0.02 migrants (0.003 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1% increases net international migration by about 0.04‒0.05 migrants, i.e. by about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc) results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants, while the results of the modified and more credible CCEP technique show that growth in GDPpc by 1% implies a decrease in net international migration by about 0.02 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. The negative effect of GDPpc could be rationalised by the existence of an inverted‒U relationship between GDPpc and emigration (mobility transition curve). Acceptance of such an explanation requires that the following conditions be met: (i) there is an inverted-U relationship between emigration and GDPpc; (ii) the countries in the sample fit within the growing part of this relationship; and (iii) when GDPpc grows, emigration increases absolutely more than immigration. Keywords: net international migration; emigration; immigration; per capita gross domestic product; migrant networks Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 83-106 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV2102083O File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/439 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/439/460 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marija Radulović Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac (Serbia) Author-Name: Milan Kostić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac (Serbia) Title: Does population ageing impact inflation? Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Modern society is characterised by clear and distinct demographic processes, such as the constant decline in the number of children born and the ageing population in developed countries, resulting from complex biological, economic, social, political, and other factors. Demographic changes observed through population ageing have an impact on the economy and inflation. Therefore, the aim of this  paper is to examine the impact of population ageing on inflation in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries. The paper’s authors used data from 1970 to 2016. The ARDL approach was used to test the long- and short-term relationship between population ageing and inflation. The results showed a positive relationship between population ageing and inflation in the long term and a negative relationship in the short term. The ageing population decreases inflation in the short term and increases inflation in the long term. Keywords: population ageing; inflation; EMU countries; demographic changes; developed countries Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 107-122 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV2102107R File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/452 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/452/461 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kosovka Đ. Ognjenović Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Gender wage gap in Serbia: inheritance and sources of the wage gap Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The aim of this paper is to determine the size, structure, and significance of the differences in wages between men and women during the early transition in Serbia in the 2000s. During that period, a new legislative framework was established in the field of labour relations, which enabled greater liberalisation in the labour market and resulted in a reduction in the activity rate, especially of women. Following the experiences of other post-transition countries, it may be expected that economic and social changes caused by the transitional shocks may stimulate different behaviours in the labour market of both the employers, through their impact on determination of wages, and the labour force, through workers’ choice to remain or to permanently exit the labour market. This could affect not only the deepening of gender differences, but also the emergence of discrimination in wage setting. The paper applies the parametric sample selection model, on the basis of which the probability of women's participation in the labour market is estimated, as well as the wage functions of men and women. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey for 2002 and 2007 are used. Theoretically expected results are obtained; children and marital status with a negative sign, and sources of non-working income with a positive sign influence the probability of women's participation in the labour force. The estimated equations of wages of men and women indicate differences in the structure of wages, which provides the basis for the application of the statistical procedure for the decomposition of the gender wage gap. Examination of the initial hypothesis revealed the presence of a significant gender wage gap, which was the largest in 2002 (10.96%), falling to 5.97% in 2007. The gender wage gap in Serbia cannot be explained by the differences in the observed characteristics of men and women, since they act in the direction of reducing the overall gap and their effect is stable, amounting to between -5.51% (2002) and -5.43% (2007). Therefore, the decline in the gender wage gap is the result of reducing the gap in the unexplained part from 17.43% (2002) to 12.06% (2007). Over the observed period, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap remains persistent and leaves room for consideration of the potential effects of discrimination and possible directions of public policy. Keywords: gender wage gap; sample selection model; Serbia; transition; wage regression Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 123-141 Volume: 59 Issue: 2 Year: 2021 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV2102123O File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/459 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/459/462 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:59:y:2021:i:2:id:459