Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miloš Bešić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Ethnic Distance in Montenegro 10 Years after Gaining Independence Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In this paper, we present a longitudinal research study examining ethnic distance in Montenegro. The research is based on measuring ethnic distance at two points in time: in 2013 and 2018. This research was carried out using the nine-level Bogardus social distance scale. There are some important notions considering the significance of measuring ethnic distance in Montenegro. First, this is a multi-ethnic country where Montenegrins, as the main ethnic group, have a relatively small majority. Second, this was the last country to leave former Yugoslavia, gaining independence in 2006. Third, the main political and social cleavage in this society is based on ethnicity. Fourth, there has been no change in the ruling elite of Montenegro since the beginning of the transition from socialism to liberal democracy. The main hypothetical argument regarding the expected changes in inter-ethnic distancing is, therefore, political. During the process of gaining independence, there was an informal alliance among Montenegrins and non-Serbian minorities, since Serbs as an ethnic group wanted Montenegro to remain in a common state with Serbia. This caused clear and pronounced political division in Montenegrin society. Of course, this kind of social cleavage has historical precedents in the Balkans. Prior to the independence issue, which was raised in the late 1990s, Montenegrins and Serbs, as the combined ethnic majority, were in favour of Serbia and Montenegro remaining united. However, after gaining independence, Serbs, who had been a majority in their own country, suddenly become a minority in Montenegro. Since almost any politics in the Balkans is ethno-politics, we examined inter-ethnic distance across two reference periods in order to identify the trends in inter-ethnic distancing. The results showed that the overall inter-ethnic distance in Montenegro increased during that five-year period. We argue that the temporary alliance between Montenegrins and non-Serbian minorities resulted in good inter-ethnic relations among these groups, while they were striving to achieve a common political goal. However, after independence was achieved, it was to be expected that inter-ethnic relations would deteriorate. We provide evidence to support this thesis. The results of our research show that overall inter-ethnic distance increased in the five-year period surveyed. In particular, we saw a dramatic increase in the ethnic distancing of Albanians away from all other groups. In addition, ethnic Bosnians are distancing themselves from Montenegrins and Serbs more so than they were in 2013. On the other hand, we found that there was no change in ethnic distancing between Montenegrins and Serbs. Additionally, item analysis showed that the distance between Montenegrins and Serbs is very small, and is not in fact an issue of ethnicity, but rather one of politics. This was evidenced by the fact that the only sensitive issue between Serbs and Montenegrins was for a member of the other ethnicity “to have a leadership position in my country”. In all other regards, we measured a low inter-ethnic distance between Serbs and Montenegrins. We conclude that increase in ethnic distance is caused by political variables and overall regional context. As Montenegro is a multi-ethnic country, the deterioration of ethnic relations could seriously jeopardize the country’s overall political stability. Keywords: Montenegro; ethnic distance; regression analysis; Bogardus scale; social cleavage Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 1-25 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.2298/STNV190226002B File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/216 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/216/324 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marko Galjak Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Generations & Gender Survey in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia? Publication-Status: Published Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 113-117 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.59954/stnv.358 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/358 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/358/329 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimir Mentus Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Sociological Research and Anthropological Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: European Social Survey and Serbia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: No. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 119-121 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.59954/stnv.360 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/360 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/360/330 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordana Matković Author-Workplace-Name: FEFA Faculty – Economics Program, Metropolitan University, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: The welfare state in Western Balkan countries: challenges and options Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The aim of the article is to assess the challenges facing Western Balkan welfare states and the available strategic options for enhancing social protection and human development in the region. The analyses of challenges encompassed the relevant EU and national statistics. For each challenge, channels were analysed, through which the impact on the welfare state was reflected. Both challenges and options were assessed against the experience of more advanced societies, especially EU countries. The analysis has shown that most of the challenges identified in advanced societies are also present in Western Balkan countries. These challenges are intensified by these countries’ relatively low gross domestic product, unfavourable social situations, inadequate education, and poor health outcomes, including a number of microefficiency issues in the context of low investment in the social sector. High emigration, long-term unemployment, and the widespread grey economy are identified as particularly important challenges. Among the strategic options, the small welfare state, universal social investment, and preventive welfare state were analysed. The conclusions emphasise the importance of efficiency as a complementary strategic option, as well as the need to prioritise and focus given the weak and limited administrative, institutional, and expert capacities in the region. Keywords: welfare state; social protection; Western Balkan countries; challenges; options Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 27-52 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.2298/STNV190624004M File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/344 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/344/326 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariana Lukić Tanović Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Philosophy, University of East Sarajevo, Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Author-Name: Draško Marinković Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, University of Banjaluka, Banjaluka (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Author-Name: Aleksandar Majić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, University of Banjaluka, Banjaluka (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Title: Population changes in the City of East Sarajevo in the intercensal period from 1991 to 2013 Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Between 1992 and 1995, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to territorial changes and caused the reshaping of national borders. These events also caused a large population movement with significant demographic consequences. It is important to note that Bosnia and Herzegovina went 22 years without a population census after 1991, with the most recent census conducted in 2013. According to the census of 2013, there were 59,916 inhabitants in 216 settlements across the City of East Sarajevo. The main goal of this research is to determine whether the intercensal dynamics of the population are positive or negative, whether depopulation is still occurring, and whether it is identical and uniform throughout the area. It should also be noted that due to the disintegration of the settlement system and the territorial division between the entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the number of inhabitants in the shared settlements of the City of East Sarajevo was estimated according to the 1991 census, after which the results of the two censuses (1991 and 2013) were com-piled. In the intercensal period from 1991 to 2013, the number of inhabitants in the City of East Sarajevo increased by 26%. This positive intercensal dynamic is the result of international migration, the refugee process, and positive internal migration within the municipalities of Istočna Ilidža, Istočno Novo Sarajevo, and Pale. However, a decline in total population was recorded in 177 of 216 settlements in the City. The extinction of certain settlements is one of the crucial characteristics of the explored area. In 2013, 11.1% of the settlements surveyed no longer had any inhabitants. Total depopulation is a feature of rural environments, while urban environments recorded positive population dynamics during the intercensal period. In addition to the total depopulation of rural areas, the City of East Sarajevo also faced the problem of natural population decline. A negative rate of natural increase, shifting of the maternal age limit, an increased mortality rate, and the aging of the population are some of the most distinctive demographic problems. Therefore, it is necessary to work on the design and implementation of measures for the revitalization of rural areas and the pro-natalist population policy measures in the future. Keywords: intercensal population change; population dynamics; depopulation; City of East Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 53-69 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.2298/STNV190206001L File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/56 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/56/319 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valentina Ivanić Author-Workplace-Name: Cultural Due Diligence Institute, Novi Sad (Serbia) Title: Active aging and prerequisites for silver entrepreneurship in Serbia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This article identifies links between the active aging process and the “silver economy” at the European Union level. It also defines economic and societal prerequisites for “silver entrepreneurship”, which Serbia, as a small, transition, factor-driven economy can exploit. Previous research has shown there are two ways in which older people can be involved in the silver economy: as producers (“silver entrepreneurs”), or as consumers. Demand for data about silver entrepreneurship has been driven by macroeconomists, notably those devoted to issues around fiscal instability, rather than by the urgent need to consider this phenomenon as one driven by growth and competitiveness. Existing research has identified two forms of silver entrepreneurship: opportunity-based and necessity-based. Opportunity-based silver entrepreneurship is inherent in economies with high GDP per capita. Across the EU-28 nations, the average GDP per capita in purchasing power standard (PPS) in 2017 was recorded as 29,299 EUR. This figure was used as a proxy measurement of living standards. However, in the smaller transition economies of Southeast Europe, this figure is a lot lower. In 2017, the average GDP per capita in PPS in Serbia was 4,800 EUR. In order to identify the economic factors necessary for silver entrepreneurship at both the company and individual levels in Serbia, we derived data from a range of sources. These included the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, the Labour Force Survey, 2017, the Pension and Disability Insurance Fund, and the Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunications. Data relating to the Uncertainty Avoidance Index for Serbia (UAI) were derived from research organized by the Regional Cooperation Council and GfK. The author then calculated the UAI for Serbia. The collected data showed how the UAI for Serbia has changed over time, declining from a value of 92 in 1993 to 60 in 2016. Statistics about pensions in Serbia show that only military retirees, who have an average monthly pension of 46,494 RSD, can cover the minimum consumer basket costs of 36,090 RSD. Keywords: active aging in the EU; silver entrepreneurship; economic prerequisites for silver entrepreneurship; cultural prerequisites for silver entrepreneurship; Serbia Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 71-95 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.2298/STNV181215003I File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/49 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/49/325 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Svetlana Vladimirovna Riazanova Author-Workplace-Name: Perm Federal Research Center of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm (Russia) Title: Migrants and Conflicts within the Local Ummah of the Perm Krai: A Playing Card or a Social Actor? Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate the role played by newly arriving Muslims in the life of the local Islamic community in the Perm Krai of Russia. This region is characterised by the following important features: the Perm Krai is a permanent Islamic community consisting of local ethnic groups, as well as an Islamic diaspora consisting of various newcomers. There are three kinds of migrants here: labour migrants, students, and those who intend to apply for citizenship. Permanent conflict takes place between the two Muslim communities that occupy this territory. In this case, migrants are accused of attempting to seize power within the local Islamic community. In this paper, the author intends to explore whether there are genuine causes and foundations for local religious conflicts, whether migrants could take over local Islamic communities, and whether they could change the religious habits of the locals and the status of the Islamic community in the region. The research is based on two series of semi-structured interviews with Islamic leaders, observing participants during official events, and expert interviews. The author examines three indicators of the migrants’ growing influence. First, migrant believers prevail during religious services in all mosques within the Kama River region. The second indicator is participation in Islamic social events and projects. The third is the migrants’ attempts to establish a special organisation to communicate with the authorities. Today, the migrants play no critical role in the Perm Ummah. Keywords: Muslim migrants; Kama River region; diasporas; religious communities; social role Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 97-111 Volume: 57 Issue: 1 Year: 2019 Month: October DOI: 10.2298/STNV1901097R File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/343 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/343/331 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:57:y:2019:i:1:id:343