Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gordana Kovaček Stanić
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad (Serbia)
Title: European Accomplishments in Regulation of the Family Status of the Child Conceived by Artificial Reproduction Technologies
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: In this paper, the author analyzes family status of the child conceived by artificial reproduction technologies using the following treatments: homologues artificial insemination, heterologus artificial insemination (artificial insemination by donor), ovum donation, embryo donation and surrogate motherhood.
 One specific situation of homologues artificial insemination is posthumous insemination, insemination after the death of the husband/partner. This procedure is allowed in, for instance, United Kingdom, but not allowed in France, Switzerland, and Italy. Considering genetics elements in this situation there is no doubt on fatherhood – father is a man whose sperm is used for insemination, regardless of the fact if frozen sperm or frozen embryo is used in the procedure. Nevertheless, until 2008 in United Kingdom, the husband/partner was not considered as legal father, because of the fact that the child was born after his death.
 Heterologous artificial insemination could be used in three different situations. First, when subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of different sexes. Second, when subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of the same sex and the third if  a single woman is an only subject. Most recent procedure is the one in which subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of the same sex, specifically two women. This procedure is allowed in the United Kingdom and Sweden. In these legislatures, there is a rule that the woman who delivers the child is legal mother, and her spouse/partner is a second parent of the child.
 The most recent procedure of egg donation is a donation of only a part of an egg, mitochondrial DNA. In this case, there are in fact three genetic parents of the child: two genetic mothers and a father. Legally, the child has one mother (the woman who delivers a child) and a father. One of potential outcomes of the recent research is the ability to create human embryo without any male genetic contribution – by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell from one woman into an enucleated egg of another. In that case, the child would not have genetic father at all.
 Bearing in mind the new artificial reproduction technologies and their influence to legal rules of establishment of the family status of the child, it could be said that the legal principle of the autonomy of the parties is widened in comparison to material truth.  People who wish to be parents become legal parents although they are not generic parents. Sometimes they cannot be genetic parents due to their infertility and sometimes because they are of the same sex. As a result of artificial reproduction technologies, a child could have a genetic link with one of the parents, only with a mother – in the heterologous insemination, only a father – as in egg donation and genetic surrogacy. The child could have genetic link with both of the parents – as in the gestational surrogacy, or it could have no genetic links with his/her legal parents – as in embryo donation.
 According to some European legislatures, it is possible for the child to have a mother and the other female parent, or a father and the other male parent. Surrogate mother, as well as donors of the genetic material, are not considered as parents. Radical change in social and individual perception of parenthood could accept the fact the child could have more than two parents with different roles (biological - genetic parents, gestational mother, social – legal parents).
Keywords: artificial reproductive technologies; conception; maternity; paternity; European laws
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 1-19
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.2298/STNV1502001K
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/84
File-Function: Abstract page
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File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/84/75
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:84

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jelena Stojilković Gnjatović
Author-Workplace-Name: Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijic" SASA, Belgrade (Serbia)
Title: The Population of the Balkans at the Dawn of the 21st Century
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: Nema.
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 113-115
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.59954/stnv.225
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/225
File-Function: Abstract page
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File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/225/209
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:225

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Batrićević
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade (Serbia)
Title: Vesna Lukić “Two Decades of Exile in Serbia”
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: Nema.
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 115-119
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.59954/stnv.226
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/226
File-Function: Abstract page
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File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/226/210
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:226

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ognjen Obućina
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Demography Unit (SUDA), Stockholm University, Stockholm (Sweden)
Title: Union Formation and Partner Choice among Ex-Yugoslav Immigrants in Sweden
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: The mechanisms of exogamy and endogamy among immigrants are considered important indicators of social integration in the host society. The goal of this paper is to analyze the patterns of union formation among ex-Yugoslav of the first and second generation in Sweden. The study analyzes both marriages and non-marital childbearing unions. The longitudinal data (1990-2012) stem from the STAR compilation of the Swedish register data. The data cover the entire population residing in Sweden. The main analysis is based on discrete-time multinomial logistic regression. The results show that the length of stay in Sweden is positively associated with the likelihood of a union with a native Swedish person and negatively associated with the likelihood of an endogamous partner choice. A stronger exposure to ex-Yugoslav immigrants (measured as the share of ex-Yugoslavs in the municipality) implies a higher likelihood of endogamous union and a lower likelihood of a union with a native. University educated ex-Yugoslavs are the most likely to enter a union with a native, with the association being more pronounced among women. The patterns of intermarriage among ex-Yugoslavs largely resemble those identified in previous studies on native-immigrants marriages in Europe. One exception is that the propensity for endogamy is somewhat more pronounced among women. In order to obtain a more fine-grained picture of the causal mechanisms behind the results reported in this study, it will be necessary to conduct additional research, combining quantitative and qualitative methods.
Keywords: intermarriage; Sweden; immigration; union formation; former Yugoslavia
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 21-41
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.2298/STNV1502021O
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/85
File-Function: Abstract page
File-Format: text/html
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/85/76
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:85

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivana Magdalenić
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia)
Author-Name: Gordana Vojković
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia)
Title: Changes in the Age Pattern of Childbearing in Serbia and EU Countries - Comparative Analysis
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: Most European countries nowadays are characterized by a fertility level, which by earlier theoretical considerations was not even assumed as the lower limit for childbearing. The focus of this paper are the changes in reproductive behavior of women during the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century as well as the changes in the age model of childbearing which resulted from that. The comparative analysis between Serbia and 28 EU member countries covers the period 1960-2012. The distribution of live births according to mother's age was analyzed, as well as the phenomena of postponing births and increasing the average age of mothers at childbirth, changes in the structure of female population according to the number of live births, and the decrease of higher birth orders. Demographic potentials of fertility through age structures of the fertile cohort were also pointed out. The similarities and differences in the fertility patterns in the Republic of Serbia and the EU countries were considered in order to determine the specificities of the reproductive model of women in Serbia and the widespread phenomena of postponing births.
 The fertility transition in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century had the same trend as in the EU countries evolving in the direction of constant lowering of the childbirth levels. Nevertheless, in relation to the sixties of the 20th century, Serbia shifted towards the lower part of the scale at which the EU countries are ranked according to total fertility rate. Almost all EU member countries (except for Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus and Portugal) marked an increase in fertility in the 2000-2011 period, while the fertility level in Serbia, with some oscillations, continued to decrease. The turnabout in total fertility rate registered in most European countries is attributed to the effect of postponed childbirths, while it is assumed that its impact will be marked in Serbia during the next decade.
 Changes in the fertility age models of the population in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century progressed in the form of an intensive and almost continual decrease of the level of live births in the two youngest age groups (15-19 and 20-24), while the other cohorts marked fluctuations of age-specific fertility rates (ASFR). The fertility level of the 25-29 cohort, which is also the bearer of maximum childbirths in Serbia (91.6‰), is considerably lower than the level of the same age group in France (134.2‰) or Sweden (113.9‰). With the present fertility level (TFR 1.45), Serbia is closer to the populations of central and southern Europe. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the scope and internal composition of the reproductive cohort of selected countries shows that Serbia belongs to the category of countries which is characterized by a considerable reduction of the reproductive demographic framework and unfavorable age structure of the fertile cohort. The existing differences in relation to the EU countries with the highest fertility confirm that fertile period is not taken advantage of, and that there is considerable capacity for stimulating births of women at the so-called optimal reproductive age (as the ASFRs of these groups are considerably below the level of countries with the highest fertility). Furthermore, the current higher fertility rate of older women in Serbia does not compensate for the reduced reproduction in the younger years, as the ASFR of women of the older cohorts is also lower than in countries with higher fertility.
Keywords: fertility; age model of childbearing; postponing births; EU; Serbia
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 43-66
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.2298/STNV1502043M
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/86
File-Function: Abstract page
File-Format: text/html
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/86/77
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:86

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ankica Šobot
Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia)
Title: The Impact of Education on Time Use of Elderly Population in Serbia
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: The active ageing concept, which implies individual and broader social benefits, is defined for mitigating the negative effects of intensive population ageing. It redefines the perception of ageing in accordance with the positive trends in terms of health and life span of older persons' life. One of the factors which has certain impact on some aspects of active ageing is education. The researches confirm its influence on the health and vitality of the elderly, as well as on their economic activity. It is important not only as a dimension of socio-economic status, but also from the perspective of certain behavior, the availability of learning, the possibility of adopting valid information and the use of new technological achievements for the purpose of healthy lifestyle. The top ten countries in 2015 regarding Active Ageing Index have up to four times higher shares of highly educated persons among those aged 50 or over (between 23% and 34%), compared to the countries which are at the back of the AAI list. However, Italy is ranked second, regarding the participation in society despite the fact that less than 10% of persons aged 50 or over are highly educated. By contrast, Estonia has only high index in employment, while in relation to the other spheres is very low ranking, regardless there are 34% of highly educated among persons aged 50 or over.
 The first example shows that it is possible to achieve partial progress despite low prevalence of high education. Another indicates that the attainment in active ageing can be limited by other factors despite high proportion of highly educated. It is possible to conclude that in either of these two cases high education did not impact, but that these characteristics of active ageing are the consequences of other factors. Participation in society, in addition to volunteering and political engagement, implies caring for children or the elderly. It is possible that the incidence of these activities have more important influence on the positioning of Italy in this sphere. Relatively high index of employment could be explained by the influence of socio-economic conditions and the necessity of working engagement of older persons due to social security and living standards of households. This could be said for Estonia because it is placed into the group of countries with lower GDP per capita.
 The research regarding the time use in Serbia, used in this paper as the framework for studying the lifestyle of older people, shows that the paid work is the most evident differentiation between those who have entered the older age (65 or older) and those who are on the threshold of this limit (55-64 years). Regarding leisure time, it is clear that more passive forms (watching television and resting) prevail. Reading, walking, visiting, spending time with family and the provision of informal help partially mitigate this picture. However, weak commitment to cultural events and physical activity, poor involvement in different spheres of social life, almost the absence of voluntary work and additional training undermine the concept of active ageing.
 Highly educated persons have the most of leisure time but, in relation to persons with lower educational levels, there is no substantial differentiation regarding the activities that mark active ageing. In comparison with others, they spent less time watching TV and movies as well as resting, but more time walking, visiting, reading, using a computer or providing informal support. Tertiary education has proved to be a point of differentiation among females who approach the entry into older age. It does not only mean more time in paid work, but also less time in unpaid activities, compared to women with lower educational levels. In addition, highly educated women aged 65 or over more frequently perform paid jobs than those with primary education. It is not the specificity of male population.
 High education did not eliminate the specificities of overpowering cultural pattern of gender roles. Men more engage in paid jobs and have more leisure time, while women spend more time in performing household tasks. Women more devote to reading books, going to the cinema, volunteering, and the participation in religious activities as compared to men. Male respondents spend more time resting, exercising and visiting sport events. However, in both cases passive forms of leisure time prevail, although there are some specificities. In comparison with those who had lower educational levels, highly educated persons evaluated their health as good or very good two times more frequently, but it has not resulted in significant difference in terms of commitment to the activities that mark active ageing. The widespread of tertiary education does not mean unconditional acceptance of this model. In addition to social conditions, living circumstances and cultural norms, lifestyle is important as an advantage or a disadvantage for the realization of active ageing. Lower education levels are an additional challenge in terms of advancing all preconditions for accepting and spreading the model of active aging.
Keywords: the elderly; education; gender; time use; leisure
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 67-86
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.2298/STNV1502067S
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/87
File-Function: Abstract page
File-Format: text/html
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/87/78
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:87

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: János Pénzes
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning, University of Debrecen, Debrecen (Hungary)
Author-Name: István Zoltán Pásztor
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning, University of Debrecen, Debrecen (Hungary)
Author-Name: Patrik Tátrai
Author-Workplace-Name: Geographical Institute. Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), Budapest (Hungary)
Title: Demographic Processes in Developmentally Peripheral Areas of Hungary
Publication-Status: Published
Abstract: The current study investigates the demographic processes and challenges of the Hungarian developmentally peripheral settlements. Demographic challenges can be regarded as important consequences of the social and economic disadvantages in spatial terms. However, the interrelating negative demographic tendencies cause even more backward situation blocking or hindering the development.
 The objective of the current analysis is to discover the demographic characteristics of the peripheral settlements, to detect the spatial disparities and to point out the correlation between backwardness and the investigated demographic phenomena with the help of the census databases 1980-2011 and local datasets on Roma population. Using methods of multivariate statistical analysis, seven indicators were selected in order to achieve the goals of the paper. Backward areas are primarily characterized by population decrease with significant disparities, but there were growing communities among them as well. Some small villages in Northern and Southwestern Hungary will foreseeably  face complete depopulation within few years.
 Primarily small sized villages faced intense decrease in rate of natural change, but dynamic population growth was also detected. Migration loss tends to correlate with the extent of peripherality, as increasing values of migration balance accompany decreasing ratio of peripheral settlements in the area. The ratio of elderly population shows an expressively two-faced character, with the extremely aging and very juvenile settlements.
 The ratios of Roma population reflect the scale of peripherality. Extended ethnic change could be predicted in Northeastern and Southwestern Hungary and near the Middle Tisza valley. Presented demographic processes will make the backwardness of most of the peripheral settlements stable.
Keywords: aging; depopulation; Hungary; peripheral areas; Roma population
Journal: Stanovnistvo
Pages: 87-111
Volume: 53
Issue: 2
Year: 2015
Month: December
DOI: 10.2298/STNV1502087P
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/88
File-Function: Abstract page
File-Format: text/html
File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/88/79
File-Function: Full text
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Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:53:y:2015:i:2:id:88