Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordana Kovaček Stanić Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad (Serbia) Title: Biomedically Assisted Reproduction and Child Birth: Surrogate Motherhood in Comparative European Law and Serbia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Surrogate motherhood is an arrangement in which a woman agrees to carry and deliver a child for another couple who ordered the pregnancy. This procedure is applied today in Great Britain, Holland (although without legal regulations), Israel, Greece, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, the USA and Australia, and it is forbidden in France, Austria, Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Slovenia. There are two types of surrogacy, one when the woman gives birth to a child who is genetically her own ("partial", genetic surrogacy), and the other where the surrogate mother only carries and gives birth to a child, whereby the child is genetically from the couple that wanted the child, or the fertilized egg is from a third woman (donor), or the embryo was donated ("full", "total", gestational surrogacy). In these cases two women take part in conception and birth of the child while in the last case there is a third woman who will raise the child. Biologically observed, the woman whose egg has been fertilized may be called the genetic mother, while the woman who carried the pregnancy and gave birth to the child – the gestational carrier. Taking into consideration that the Preliminary Draft of the Serbian Civil Law anticipates the introduction of surrogate motherhood into domestic law, we believe restrictive solutions should first be taken into consideration. This would mean that only full surrogating should be allowed, namely the egg should be from the woman who wants the child and not the surrogate mother. In domestic conditions, genetic surrogation should not be allowed as it leads to confusion in family relations, and kinships still have an important social and legal significance in our country. The surrogate mother should be a woman who has already given birth, because in that way any possible shocks which might arise after birth when the woman who has to handover the child to the intended couple would be avoided. The next condition would be that persons involved in this procedure should have usual residency in Serbia so as to prevent any international complications or problems. As far as compensation is concerned, only compensation of so-called reasonable expenses which the surrogate mother would incur should be allowed. The surrogate contract should be approved by a court judge, who would have the obligation to determine if all legal conditions have been fulfilled for surrogate motherhood, and to explain the contract effects to the contracting parties. Apart from that, psycho-social counselling of all persons involved in the procedure should be anticipated. Keywords: surrogate motherhood; comparative European law; Serbian law; full; partial; genetic; friendly surrogation Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 1-21 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.2298/STNV1301001K File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/98 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/98/89 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Marinković Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Demopaedia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Nema. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 103-105 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.59954/stnv.235 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/235 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/235/219 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boštjan Kerbler Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana (Slovenia) Title: The Elderly and a Remote Home Care: The Case of Slovenia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Due to increasing ageing, western countries are facing an increase in financial needs to provide suitable healthcare, social care and housing for the elderly. One of society’s responses to these issues is the idea of moving elder-care activities to their living environments. This can be achieved with the help of information and communication technologies (ICT) by which home care could be provided remotely. However, the findings of various authors suggest that elderly people have mostly negative attitudes towards a remote home care. In order to determine the views of the elderly towards this service in Slovenia, a survey was conducted, the results of which are discussed in this article. Contrary to our assumption, it turned out that elderly people have positive attitudes towards remote home care. This was attributed to effectively informing respondents and increasing their understanding of the operation and usability of the service. Raising the awareness of potential users is therefore crucial for its acceptance in a society. Keywords: the elderly; attitudes; ageing at home; information and communication technologies (ICT); telecare Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 23-41 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.2298/STNV1301023K File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/99 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/99/90 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jelena Zvezdanović Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Economic Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Collection of Works "Education and Development" Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Nema. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 106-109 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.59954/stnv.236 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/236 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/236/220 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Drago Župarić-Iljić Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb (Croatia) Title: The Number, Status and Organizational Aspects of Serbs in Zagreb Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics regarding number, as well as normative and functional status, i.e. legal and institutional status of Serbs in Zagreb. Furthermore, the paper describes some distinctions among organizational levels of Serbian minority in Zagreb, concerning the most important aspects of socio-cultural, educational and religious integration. Serbian minority members’ number in Croatia and Zagreb is analyzed using an official demographic statistics, focusing primarily on major socio-demographic indicators, on population density and ethnic composition data for the population of Zagreb municipality for the period of 1981-2011. Legal position of the Serbian minority in Zagreb is described using analysis of official documents, including legislative framework provisions, which are related to issues of national minorities’ status and rights. Institutional and organizational status is elucidated by using descriptive analysis of cultural, educational, media and religious aspects of minority’s life. The number of Serbs in Croatia decreased drastically in last twenty years, affecting their number being reduced to approximately one-third of the prewar number. In the period 1981 to 2011 there was a continuous increase of number and proportion of Croatian majority population, and continuous reduction of national minorities in Zagreb. The biggest percentile decreasing in the municipality of Zagreb (during period 1991-2001) have undergone members of the Serbian (57.7%), Slovenian (48.9%), and Montenegrin (43.7%) minority. In the case of Serbs, this is primarily and predominantly a consequence of forced emigration (displacement) induced by the war in the 1990s. Moreover, negative demographic trends together with a possibility of “false” national declaration in census, as well as the relentless process of assimilation are counted as specific factors in reducing the number of national minorities’ members. Status of Serbs as the former "constituent people/ethnicity" in Socialist Republic of Croatia was modified in the status of "national minority" in (Democratic) Republic of Croatia, due to constitutional changes in 1990. Today, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutional Law on National Minorities in 2002 national minorities in Croatia enjoy the rights in the area of cultural (linguistic, educational and religious) autonomy. Implementation of these rights still faces many problems in everyday praxis, which is reflected in organizational aspects and levels of Serbs in Zagreb. Cultural, artistic, and educational associations and initiatives among Serbian minority   organize   activities   that   contribute   to   promotion,   preservation   and expressing specific national minority’s identity. Although satisfactory level of normative (legal) integration does not guarantee functional integration of minorities into wider socio-economic, cultural and political matrix, that normative integration, along with political will and favorable social climate, sets an essential precondition for the willingness to implement laws and regulations in order to improve Serbian minority status. Keywords: Serbs in Zagreb; national/ethnic minorities; status issues; integration; minority’s identity Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 43-68 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.2298/STNV1301043Z File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/100 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/100/91 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vesna Lukić Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: On the Interrelations between Migration and Commuting Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In this paper, we emphasise the significance of studying the interrelations between commuting and migration. The aim of the paper is to point out the factors which affect these interrelations (demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and commuters, labour market, real estate market, information, life style, etc.), with the special emphasis on the role of commuting distance onto the chosen mobility type. Besides theorethical frameworks and results of the selected foreign researches up to date, the overview of research of interrelations between migration and commuting in Serbia has also been presented. While earlier studies conducted by Gawryszenski (1978), Termote (1980) and Reitsma &Vergoossen (1987) pointed to the replacement of migration types between each other within country, in recent literature the interaction between migration and commuting has been studied in a trans-boundary context of the contemporary EU. Modern trend of long distance commuting instead of migration and the concept of substitution/replacement regarding migration and commuting have also been discussed. In Serbia, there is a positive correlation between commuting outflows and immigration in rural settlements of Vojvodina province. Namely, commuting and migration are complement, which is the characteristic of both processes sub-urbanisation and ex- urbanisation (Lukić, 2012). In addition to ownership of real estate and previous migration experience, marital status influenced the chosen mobility type in Serbia as well. Adjustment to changes of Serbian labour market is mostly conducted via migration (Miletić, Lukić, Miljanović, 2011).   Interrelations between migration and commuting are very significant due to the tendency of transformation of some commuters into migrants. This process has its consequences, both on demographic as well as the overall socio-economic development of the area of commuters’ origin and destination. However, even though the surveys conducted in Serbia during the 1980s showed that around 30 per cent of commuters expressed desire to move to their place of work, the degree of realization of these intentions remained unknown. While in some countries traffic studies and data from the management of the enterprises are used as sources of data on commuting, the studies on the commuter population in Serbia are based solely onto two types of data sources. These are census and poll surveys. Although they have more potential than the official statistics for the analysis of the links between migration and commuting and other characteristics of commuters, poll surveys on this topic in Serbia are relatively rare due to financial and organizational obstacles. Indeed, the last major survey was conducted in the 1980s. Therefore, even though the interrelations between migration and commuting have been confirmed, there is still a lot of space for their research indicating the need for further methodlogy developments in resarching these types of population mobility. Keywords: commuting; migration; labour; mobility strategies; households Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 69-90 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.2298/STNV1301069L File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/101 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/101/92 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danilo Šuković Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Economic Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Reforms of Pension System and Problem of Aging Population Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This  paper  analyzes  the  far-reaching  changes  on  social  plane  caused  by  aging population  which  endanger  social  security  for  old  people,  especially  in times  of global economic crisis and major changes in the labor market. A special emphasis is given to the economic  unsustainability  of the pension system in Serbia, where the ratio of the aging population  and the working population  is very unfavorable,  and where high unemployment and weak economic growth threaten an aging population and increase the poverty. The analysis shows that pensions in Serbia in recent years have a real decline, and their relation to average earnings is still unfavorable despite large subsidies from the state budget which last years covers about 50 % of the expenditure for pensions. The second part of the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages  of PAYG (pay as you go) pension  system  and private  pension  insurance.  The advantage  of PAYG pension system is that it protects the retired persons' savings which would not be lost due to extraordinary market circumstances,  such as wars, high inflation, etc. This system avoids the risk of a failed investment  opportunities,  which is the biggest  weakness  of  private  pension  funds.  In addition,  the  population  trust  this system believing that the government  will not allow them to live in poverty when they get old. The key advantage  of the private pension  system  is that this system realizes the economic function of pensions, because contributions paid are saving for their  old age.  Also,  the  placement  of pension  contributions  to the capital  market increase the return on investment and total government savings, which contribute to higher economic growth. Advantages of one pension system are actually weaknesses of another. Since the system "pay as you go" has proved ineffective to provide pension funding for the elderly population, which is increasing due to longer life expectancy, and its relationship  to  the  working  population  is  more  unfavorable,  it  is  necessary  to introduce   the   pension   reform,   which   has   already   more   or  less   successfully implemented in many countries of the world. Globalization and especially the global economic crisis have made this issue particularly urgent. Finally, it is noted that the pension reform in Serbia should not just include leaving the system "pay as you go" and a gradual transition to a private pension plan. Also, it  is  necessary  to  implement   the  long  overdue  economic   reforms  to  achieve significant  long-term economic  growth, because only higher economic  growth can create the material conditions for desired changes in the pension system. Keywords: pension system; aging population; labor market; economic crisis; reform Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 91-102 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Year: 2013 Month: March DOI: 10.2298/STNV1301091S File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/102 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/102/93 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:51:y:2013:i:1:id:102