Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Filip Škiljan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb (Croatia) Title: Organized Massive Forced Migration of Serbs from Croatia in 1941 Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The author brings forth a range of information on forced migration of the Serb population from the Croatian part of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941 (NDH). Almost one third of the population were Serbs in the NDH. One of the methods of solving “the Serbia issue” in the NDH was migrating the Serbs into Serbia. The other methods were forced conversions of the Serbian population, namely physical killings. The adopted legal provisions made the terror policy over Serbian population legitimate. A conference was held on June 4th in the German legation in Zagreb. At the meeting it was agreed that Slovenians from Styria were to be moved to NDH, and Serbs from the NDH to Serbia. Deportation was to be carried out in three waves. The first wave was to last from June 7th to July 5th and 5000 Slovenian intellectuals from Lower Styria were to be deported directly to Serbia, except for catholic priests who were to be deported to the NDH. Orthodox priests from the NDH were to be deported to Serbia together with their families. In the second wave, lasting from June 10th to August 30th, 25,000 Slovenians from Slovenia were to be deported to the NDH and NDH was to deport just as many Serbs. In the last wave (from September 15th to October 31st), 65,000 Slovenian peasants from the Gorenjska region (Upper Carniola region) were to be deported to the NDH, and NDH was to migrate just as many Serbs to Serbia, as well as 30,000 Serbs whose citizenship was not acknowledged by the NDH. The government of the NDH founded an office for this purpose under the name State Directorate for Renewal. The migration of the Serbs from NDH began in June of 1941. Volunteers from the Salonika Front were then moved from their properties in Slavonia and Srem. Their total number was about 28,000. Then the Orthodox priests were migrated. According to the lists made by the NDH authorities, 327 of them were migrated from the NDH. 104 priests from the Croatian part of NDH were moved away in an organized manner. One part of them managed to escape before they were arrested. The migration of priests was carried out through transit camps in Caprag and Požega. Massive deportations of the Serbian population through transit camps in Caprag, Bjelovar and Požega began with the arresting of Serbs in Zagreb in the first half of July 1941, and then continued in other districts of northern Croatia and Bosnia. The total number of migrations in an organized manner from the Croatian part of the NDH up to the beginning of September 1941, according to the name list drawn up in 2012, amounted to 9875 Serbs, although that number was not final since there were greater disparities for certain districts. By the end of September 1941, the Ustashas migrated 14,733 Serbs out of the NDH in a legal way. Croatians from Dalmatia, Herzegovina and the Croatian Zagorje as well as displaced Slovenians primarily originally from Styria, moved into their houses. The authorities of NDH confiscated the property of the forced out Serbs. Other forms of the Ustasha terror, like massive killings, caused intensive illegal emigration of Serbs from NDH to Serbia, which, according to German data, had already increased to around 180,000 relocated Serbs by the end of July, although it seems this number exceeded 200,000 by the end of September. Organized migration was ceased in October 1941 after the German authorities in Serbia forbid further immigration of Serbs from the NDH mainly because of the uprising in western Serbia. Part of the banished Serbs from the Požega concentration camp were returned home to the districts of Osijek, Garešnica, Križevac, Virovitica and Ludbreg. However, from the documentation of the Commissariat for Refugees in Belgrade, it is evident that the research on the migration of Serbs from Croatia and the whole of NDH was not finished in 1941, so the number of 200,000 of forced migrants who have left is not final. Keywords: Serbs in Croatia; NDH; 1941; World War II; migration Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 1-34 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV1202001S File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/115 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/115/109 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jelena Stojilković Author-Workplace-Name: Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijic" SASA, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Elisabetta Barbi, John Bongaarts, James W. Vaupel (editors) "How Long Do We Live? Demographic Models and Reflections on Tempo Effects" Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Nema. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 111-120 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.59954/stnv.237 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/237 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/237/221 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Goran Penev Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Author-Name: Jelena Predojević-Despić Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Spatial Aspects of Emigration out of Serbia. Three "Hot" Emigration Zones Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The paper analyzed the dynamics of the emigration of the population of Serbia in the period of 1971 to 2011, primarily based on the results of the five latest population censuses. Special attention was paid to the spatial aspect of emigration, at the level of the lowest administrative units (municipalities). It was shown that the shares of persons working or living aboard were very uneven by municipality, and that the differences became increasingly pronounced over time. Very uneven shares of persons working or living abroad in the total population of Serbia by municipality, as well as the trend of increasing differences, also influenced the very heterogeneous spatial distribution of that emigration contingent. Based on the concentration of population abroad, as well as the percentage of persons abroad in the total population (in the country and abroad), the paper defines three "hot" zones of substantial emigration. Zone 1 (in the central-eastern Serbia) is traditionally a high emigration area, which, for all three observed points in time (1991, 2002 and 2011), had at least twice as high a share of population abroad as the average for Serbia. Zone 2 (in the south of Serbia) consists of the municipalities of Bujanovac and Preševo, where the majority of the population consists of ethnic Albanians. The shares of population abroad was already in 1981 and 1991 noticeably higher than the average for Serbia, but also significantly lower than in Zone 1. Between 1991 and 2002, the number of emigrants from that zone was more than tripled, and their share in the total population of emigration Zone 2 increased from 6.1% to 23.1% in 2011. Zone 3 (five municipalities from the Serbian part of the region of Sandžak) did not join the group of notably emigration areas until the 1990s. Between 1991 and 2002, the number of persons abroad increased by up to six times, and their share in the total population of those five Sandžak municipalities increased from 2.3% to 12.6%. In this paper, all three zones were analyzed, as well as the structures of emigrants based on the length of their stay abroad, the country of destination and ethnic composition. For all three zones, it is notable that the countries of destination do not differ significantly in terms of length of stay abroad, based on which the authors conclude that new emigrants primarily go to places that already have formed migrant networks. In all three zones, the share of ethnic Serbs in the total population of the country is greater than their share in the total number of emigrants. Additionally, census data indicated that members of the local major ethnic group in Zones 2 and 3 participated significantly more often in international migration than "local" ethnic Serbs. In connection to this, the authors stress the importance of the political aspect of this issue, especially in the period of crises and wars during the 1990s. Keywords: international migration; country of origin; spatial analysis; Serbia Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 35-64 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV1202035P File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/116 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/116/110 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanja Zlatanović Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Legal Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Zorica Mršević "Towards Democratic Society – Gender Equality Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Nema. Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 121-123 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.59954/stnv.238 File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/238 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/238/222 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Marković Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Legal Research, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Legal Capacity as a Universal Human Right and a Determinant of Social Status of People with Mental Disability Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Adoption of the UN Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities (2006) brought about a core shift to how the international community and human rights law see and treat human disability in general. This paradigm shift materilizes itself in a number of provisions ranging from those which catalogue the proclaimed human rights as they are in the context of special implementation and protection of people with disabilities, to those that introduce a level of specificity in light of their holders' particular needs. But the strongest presence of the shift to this regard can be found in the Article 12 CRPD that sheds new light on the concept of (legal) capacity of people with (mental) disabilites. According to this norm and put quite simply – there should be no difference in observing and treating capacity of a person with disabilities to that of any other person. This is not only the matter of prohibiting discrimination on grounds of mental impairments, but furthermore preventing the system from establishing a classification in which a person with psychosocial or intellectual impairment would be a second-rate citizen, an object of law or a victim of legal, social and family abuse, someone who is a burden to his entire environment, someone who does not have a say in any case concerning his own life and wellbeing. Legal capacity should not be a goal to be fighting for, but a universal human right. Of course and unfortunatelly, such a shift is purely a formal one, when not causing due reform withitn the national systems and without proper implementation in the member states. What is thought urgently needed and directly required by the given provision is removing the system features that allow deprivation of legal capacity on the bases of mental impairments and introducing a humane and human rights oriented model in which the decision making of these people would be autonomous and supported, and with only very restricted exceptions, done by them and not on their behalf. This novelty is what some authors call a clash between the systems of capacity and those of incapacity, i.e. the matter of replacing an environment where incapacity is presumed by an environment where capacity is presumed, supported and ensured to the highest attainable degree, and the question of seeing the legal capacity as the main social determinant for any individual. Therefore, the present article introduces the ongoing discussion about the values that this particular international legal norm has embodied and advocates in a way the urgency for change and reform in order to abolish the outrageously negative and detrimental practice in which people with mental impairments do not deserve to be social, economic, political or emotional beings, and are totally deprived of their right as living humans to decide in almost any aspects of the human life. As an illustration of certain negative tendencies existing in the old and current systems of incapacity, some data collected within the Serbian judicial structure has been employed. Keywords: mental disability; legal capacity; paradigm shift; human rights; Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 65-83 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV1202065M File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/117 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/117/111 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ankica Šobot Author-Workplace-Name: Demographic Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade (Serbia) Title: Three Demographic Consequences of Gender-Specific Behavior Pattern: The Case of Serbia Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The focus point in this paper referes to three issues of demographic development in Serbia presented from the gender perspective. Feminization, mortality in men and low reproductive norms are analyzed as effects of relevant behavior of both sexes. This choice is the result of earlier analyses of gender socio-demographic characteristics as well as the researches of demographic phenomena from the perspective of gender roles and gender relations. The gender aspect, as a cognitive concept, implies the importance of the female and male behavior pattern in understanding demographic structures, processes and phenomena. The theoretical foundation was found in the anthropological character of contemporary demography which focuses on the individual’s behavior in the context of interactive relations with the concrete environment. In the context of a complex deterministic basis and interactive connection of various factors, gender roles and gender relations represent a relative segment of social dimension of various demographic issues. Feminization of the middle-aged and older population emphasizes the importance of female perspective, taking into consideration space diversity. Feminization is most intensive in Belgrade. Among the middle-aged women there is a higher proportion of tertiary educated and divorced, and less share of the economically independent, in relation to the remaining region of Central Serbia. As regards older women, irrespective of spatial distribution, widowhood, unfavorable education characteristics, lower economic activity and greater economic dependency are important matters. The issue of retirement has specific importance, and should be solved in the context of educated and socio-professional characteristics of women, in order to promote their social position and gender equality. A shorter life span of the male population requires recognizing specific mortality factors of the middle-aged and older males, in order to eliminate the gender gap in this view. Greater mortality rate in men implies diversity of factors and characteristics of concrete social context. Part of the response lies in their greater exposure to risky behavior. Apart from that, the importance of socio-psychological factors has been recognized, which includes the prevailing concept of gender roles and gender relations. The asymmetric division of activities and obligations regarding parenthood represents an increasingly important determinant of low reproductive norms. Empirical research confirms the prevailing realization of motherhood in everyday parent activities and in the responsibility for raising and upbringing children. Sweden is an example of a country in which the above average European fertility rates correspond with a more equal division of parenting roles, whereby the support for coordinating parenthood and the profession is orientated both towards mothers and fathers equally. A gender sensible approach in solving demographic matters implies recognizing the position and status of both sexes and acknowledging the gender relations as a relevant factor. The analyzed issues are not specific only to the demographic development of Serbia.  Nevertheless, their solving implies confronting cultural norms, achieved degrees of economic and social development, as well as building necessary institutional mechanisms. Keywords: gender roles; gender inequality; feminization; ageing; mortality; fertility Journal: Stanovnistvo Pages: 85-109 Volume: 50 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 Month: December DOI: 10.2298/STNV1202085S File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/view/118 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://stnv.idn.org.rs/STNV/article/download/118/112 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:eto:stanov:v:50:y:2012:i:2:id:118